Under Spanish civil law, disputes are resolved by using what method?

In the context of Spanish civil law, the correct approach to resolving disputes relies on pre-established statutes. This legal framework is characterized by its adherence to written laws that have been codified into comprehensive legal codes, which provide clarity and consistency in legal proceedings.

The reliance on pre-established statutes means that judges in Spain do not have the same level of discretion that might be found in common law systems. Instead, they must interpret and apply the law as it is written in the code. This method helps ensure predictability and fairness in legal outcomes, as parties can refer to the statutes to understand their rights and obligations.

In contrast, the other options such as empirical case studies, judicial discretion, and negotiation between parties play different roles but are not the primary method for resolving disputes in Spanish civil law. Empirical case studies might inform legal practice but are not a method of dispute resolution. Judicial discretion, while present to a degree, is limited by the strictures of statutory law. Negotiation is certainly a valuable tool and can be used in various contexts, but the formal resolution of disputes in the civil law system is primarily rooted in the established statutes.